Depression
What Is Depression?
Depression (major depressive disorder) is more than feeling sad. It’s a mood disorder characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest in activities, and changes in thoughts, behaviors, and physical health lasting at least two weeks.
Signs and Symptoms
Patients may experience a combination of emotional, cognitive, physical, and social changes:
| Symptom Category | Common Examples |
|---|---|
| Emotional | Sadness, hopelessness, tearfulness |
| Cognitive | Difficulty concentrating, indecision, guilt |
| Physical | Fatigue, sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia), appetite/weight changes, aches & pains |
| Social | Withdrawal from friends, neglecting hobbies, difficulties at work/home |
What Causes Depression?
Depression arises from a complex interaction of factors:
Biological: Genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, hormonal changes
Psychological: Personality traits (low self-esteem, pessimism), adverse childhood experiences
Environmental: Stressful life events (bereavement, job loss), social isolation
Medical & Medication: Chronic illness (diabetes, heart disease), certain prescriptions
For a global overview, see the WHO’s Depressive Disorder Fact Sheet.
How Is Depression Diagnosed?
A qualified professional—often a psychiatrist—uses clinical interviews, questionnaires, and DSM-5 criteria to diagnose depression. They’ll assess symptom severity, duration, and impact on daily functioning.
Treatment Options
Treatment is tailored to severity:
Mild Depression
Watchful waiting: Monitoring symptoms over 2–4 weeks
Guided self-help: CBT-based workbooks or online courses
Exercise: Structured physical activity programs
Moderate to Severe Depression
Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy
Antidepressants: SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclics, MAOIs under specialist supervision
Combination: Therapy plus medication often yields the best results
For detailed NHS guidance, refer to the NHS treatment overview.
Role of a Psychiatrist
A psychiatrist like Dr. Sandeep Budhwar can:
Conduct a comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis based on medical history and standardized criteria.
Prescribe and manage medications to balance brain chemistry.
Deliver or coordinate psychotherapy, helping patients develop coping skills and long-term strategies.
Monitor progress, adjust treatment plans, and address treatment-resistant cases.
Self-Help Strategies
Alongside professional care, patients can:
Maintain a regular sleep schedule and balanced diet
Engage in regular physical activity or group exercise
Keep a mood journal to track triggers and improvements
Build a social support network and share feelings with trusted friends or family
When and How to Seek Help
If you notice persistent symptoms interfering with daily life, consult Dr. Budhwar. You can book an appointment or contact us for inquiries. Visit the home page for more resources.
Depression is treatable—with the right combination of professional guidance and self-care, patients can regain hope and rebuild fulfilling lives.