Parkinson's Disease
What Is Parkinson’s Disease?
Parkinson’s disease is a movement disorder of the nervous system that worsens over time. It occurs when nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine—a chemical messenger essential for smooth movement control—become damaged or die. According to the World Health Organization’s Parkinson Disease Fact Sheet, over 8.5 million people worldwide live with this condition.
Signs and Symptoms
Parkinson’s symptoms typically begin gradually and affect one side of the body before progressing to both sides:
| Symptom Category | Examples |
|---|---|
| Motor Symptoms | Tremor (especially at rest), muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), balance problems |
| Early Signs | Small handwriting (micrographia), loss of smell, trouble sleeping, reduced arm swing while walking |
| Non-Motor Symptoms | Cognitive impairment, depression, sleep disorders, pain, speech difficulties |
| Advanced Symptoms | Dyskinesias (involuntary movements), fluctuations between “on” and “off” periods |
For a comprehensive list of early warning signs, visit the Parkinson’s Foundation’s 10 Early Signs Guide.
What Causes Parkinson’s Disease?
The exact cause remains unknown, but research indicates a combination of factors:
Genetic Factors: Family history increases risk; specific gene mutations account for 5-10% of cases
Environmental Influences: Exposure to pesticides, herbicides, air pollution, and certain toxins
Age: Risk increases significantly after age 60, though early-onset cases can occur before age 50
Neurobiological Changes: Progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra brain region
The NHS provides detailed information about Parkinson’s Disease Causes.
How Is Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on observation and examination:
Medical History & Physical Exam: Detailed neurological assessment focusing on movement, posture, and balance
Movement Disorder Society Criteria: Presence of bradykinesia plus tremor, rigidity, or both
Response to Medication: Improvement with dopaminergic drugs supports diagnosis
Imaging Tests: DaTscan (dopamine transporter scan) when diagnosis is uncertain, MRI to rule out other conditions
Biomarker Tests: Emerging cerebrospinal fluid and skin biopsy tests for more accurate diagnosis
Treatment Options
While there’s no cure, multiple treatments can manage symptoms effectively:
1. Medications
Levodopa/Carbidopa: Gold standard treatment that replenishes brain dopamine levels
Dopamine Agonists: Pramipexole, ropinirole mimic dopamine effects
MAO-B Inhibitors: Rasagiline, selegiline prevent dopamine breakdown
COMT Inhibitors: Entacapone extends levodopa effectiveness
2. Advanced Therapies
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Surgical implantation of electrodes to reduce motor symptoms
Pump Therapies: Continuous medication delivery via apomorphine or levodopa intestinal gel
Focused Ultrasound: Non-invasive treatment for medication-resistant tremor
3. Rehabilitation & Supportive Care
Physical Therapy: Gait training, balance exercises, strength building
Occupational Therapy: Adaptive strategies for daily activities
Speech Therapy: Voice strengthening and swallowing safety
Exercise Programs: Aerobic activity, resistance training, dancing, tai chi
The American Academy of Neurology’s Treatment Guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for optimal care.
Self-Help Strategies
Regular Exercise: Aim for 2.5 hours weekly of moderate activity; consider boxing, cycling, or dance programs
Medication Adherence: Take medications consistently and on schedule to maintain dopamine levels
Sleep Hygiene: Maintain regular sleep schedule; address REM sleep behavior disorder if present
Nutrition: Follow Mediterranean-style diet rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids
Stress Management: Practice relaxation techniques, meditation, or counseling for emotional support
Home Safety: Remove tripping hazards, install grab bars, use good lighting
When and How to Seek Help
If you notice persistent tremor, stiffness, or movement changes, consult Dr. Budhwar for evaluation:
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Early intervention with a movement disorder specialist can optimize treatment outcomes and maintain independence longer.
Parkinson’s disease is manageable. With timely diagnosis, appropriate medications, regular exercise, and comprehensive care, patients can maintain active, meaningful lives while effectively managing their symptoms.