Autism
What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
ASD encompasses a range of presentations with varying degrees of impairment. Core features include persistent difficulties in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, typically evident before age three. For a global overview, see the World Health Organization’s Autism Fact Sheet.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms vary by age and severity but often include:
| Domain | Examples |
|---|---|
| Social Communication | Limited eye contact, delayed speech, difficulty understanding nonverbal cues, lack of peer relationships |
| Restricted Interests | Intense focus on specific topics (e.g., trains, calendars), strict adherence to routines |
| Repetitive Behaviors | Hand flapping, rocking, lining up objects, insistence on sameness |
| Sensory Sensitivities | Over- or under-reaction to sounds, lights, textures, or pain |
Many individuals also exhibit strengths such as attention to detail and strong rote memory. For practical insights, refer to the CDC’s Autism Information Page.
What Causes Autism?
ASD arises from complex genetic and environmental interactions:
Genetic Factors: Hundreds of gene variants contribute, with heritability estimates around 80%.
Neurobiological: Atypical brain connectivity and synaptic function.
Prenatal & Perinatal Influences: Advanced parental age, low birth weight, prenatal infections.
Environmental Contributors: Exposure to pollutants and maternal metabolic conditions are under investigation.
How Is Autism Diagnosed?
Dr. Budhwar’s assessment includes:
Developmental Screening: Standard checklists (M-CHAT) at 18 and 24 months.
Comprehensive Evaluation: Multidisciplinary assessment—pediatrician, psychologist, speech therapist—using DSM-5 criteria.
Observation & Interviews: Structured play sessions and caregiver interviews (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, ADOS).
Treatment and Support
Early, individualized interventions maximize outcomes:
1. Behavioral Therapies
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Uses positive reinforcement to teach communication, social, and self-care skills.
Social Skills Training: Small-group or individual sessions to practice conversation and emotion recognition.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Adapted for ASD to manage anxiety and improve coping strategies.
2. Educational Interventions
Structured Teaching: Visual schedules, clear routines, and individualized learning goals (TEACCH approach).
Speech and Language Therapy: Enhances verbal and nonverbal communication, supports alternative communication methods.
Occupational Therapy: Addresses sensory integration issues and daily living skills.
3. Pharmacotherapy
No medications treat core ASD features, but certain symptoms respond to drugs:
Irritability & Aggression: Risperidone, aripiprazole
Hyperactivity & Impulsivity: Stimulants or atomoxetine in select cases
Anxiety or Mood Symptoms: SSRIs under careful supervision
4. Family and Caregiver Support
Parent Training: Teaches behavior management techniques and ways to foster communication and social skills.
Support Groups: Peer networks provide emotional support, practical advice, and resource sharing.
Self-Help and Community Resources
Establish Predictable Routines: Use visual timetables and clear expectations.
Create Sensory-Friendly Spaces: Design calm areas with muted lighting and minimal noise.
Encourage Special Interests: Incorporate strengths into learning and leisure activities.
Advocate for Accommodations: In school or workplace settings through an Individualized Education Program (IEP) or workplace adjustments.
When and How to Seek Help
Early intervention is critical. If developmental concerns arise, consult Dr. Budhwar:
For questions, contact us
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Autism is a lifelong condition but manageable. With timely diagnosis, tailored interventions, and strong support systems, individuals with ASD can develop skills, build relationships, and achieve their full potential.